Craig Ventors First Cell

Cr Craig Ventor first self-recreating, manufactured bacterial cell ROCKVILLE, MD and San Diego, CA (May 20, 2010)†Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a not-for-benefit genomic research association, distributed outcomes today depicting the effective development of the principal self-duplicating, engineered bacterial cell. The group orchestrated the 1. 08 million base pair chromosome of an adjusted Mycoplasma mycoides genome. The manufactured cell is called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1. also, is the evidence of rule that genomes can be structured in the PC, artificially made in the research center and transplanted into a beneficiary cell to deliver another self-reproducing cell controlled distinctly by the manufactured genome. This examination will be distributed by Daniel Gibson et al in the May twentieth version of Science Express and will show up in an up and coming print issue of Science. â€Å"For about 15 years Ham Smith, Clyde Hutchison and the remainder of our group have been progressing in the direction of this distribution todayâ€the fruitful culmination of our work to develop a bacterial cell that is completely constrained by a manufactured genome,† said J.Craig Venter, Ph. D. , organizer and president, JCVI and senior creator on the paper. â€Å"We have been devoured by this exploration, yet we have additionally been similarly centered around tending to the cultural ramifications of what we accept will be one of the most remarkable advancements and modern drivers for cultural great. We anticipate proceeded with survey and discourse about the significant uses of this work to guarantee that it is utilized to serve all. † According to Dr.Smith, â€Å"With this first manufactured bacterial cell and the new devices and advances we created to effectively finish this undertaking, we presently have the way to dismember the hereditary guidance set of a bacterial cell to see and see how it truly functions. † To fin ish this last stage in the almost multi year procedure to build and boot up a manufactured cell, JCVI researchers started with the precise, digitized genome of the bacterium, M. mycoides. The group planned 1,078 explicit tapes of DNA that were 1,080 base matches long. These tapes were planned with the goal that the closures of every DNA tape covered every one of its neighbors by 80bp.The tapes were made by JCVI’s determinations by the DNA blend organization, Blue Heron Biotechnology. The JCVI group utilized a three phase process utilizing their recently depicted yeast gathering framework to assemble the genome utilizing the 1,078 tapes. The main stage included taking 10 tapes of DNA at once to fabricate 110, 10,000 bp fragments. In the subsequent stage, these 10,000 bp fragments are set aside 10 at an effort to create eleven, 100,000 bp sections. In the last advance, every one of the 11, 100 kb fragments were gathered into the total engineered genome in yeast cells and develo ped as a yeast fake chromosome.The complete manufactured M. mycoides genome was separated from the yeast cell and transplanted into Mycoplasma capricolum beneficiary cells that have had the qualities for its limitation compound evacuated. The manufactured genome DNA was deciphered into delivery person RNA, which thusly was converted into new proteins. The M. capricolum genome was either crushed by M. mycoides limitation catalysts or was lost during cell replication. Following two days reasonable M. mycoides cells, which contained just manufactured DNA, were unmistakably noticeable on petri dishes containing bacterial development medium.The starting combination of the engineered genome didn't bring about any reasonable cells so the JCVI group built up a mistake revision strategy to test that every tape they built was organically practical. They did this by utilizing a blend of 100 kb characteristic and engineered portions of DNA to create semi-manufactured genomes. This methodology c onsidered the testing of every engineered portion in blend with 10 normal fragments for their ability to be transplanted and structure new cells. Ten out of 11 manufactured parts brought about practical cells; subsequently the group limited the issue down to a solitary 100 kb cassette.DNA sequencing uncovered that a solitary base pair cancellation in a basic quality was liable for the ineffective transplants. When this one base pair mistake was revised, the primary practical engineered cell was delivered. Dr. Gibson expressed, â€Å"To produce a manufactured cell, our gathering needed to figure out how to arrangement, orchestrate, and transplant genomes. Numerous obstacles must be survived, yet we are presently ready to join these means to deliver manufactured cells in the research facility. † He included, â€Å"We would now be able to start chipping away at our definitive goal of orchestrating an insignificant cell containing just the qualities important to support life in its least complex form.This will assist us with bettering see how cells work. † This distribution speaks to the development of the biggest manufactured particle of a characterized structure; the genome is practically twofold the size of the past Mycoplasma genitalium combination. With this effective confirmation of standard, the gathering will currently take a shot at making an insignificant genome, which has been an objective since 1995. They will do this by shaving ceaselessly at the manufactured genome and rehashing transplantation tests until any longer qualities can't be disturbed and the genome is as little as could be expected under the circumstances. This negligible cell will be a stage for breaking down the capacity of each fundamental quality in a cell.According to Dr. Hutchison, â€Å"To me the most surprising thing about our manufactured cell is that its genome was planned in the PC and enlivened through synthetic blend, without utilizing any bits of characteristi c DNA. This included creating numerous new and valuable techniques en route. We have amassed a stunning gathering of researchers that have made this conceivable. † As in the team’s 2008 distribution in which they depicted the fruitful amalgamation of the M. genitalium genome, they structured and embedded into the genome what they called watermarks.These are explicitly planned sections of DNA that utilization the â€Å"alphabet† of qualities and proteins that empower the analyst to explain words and expressions. The watermarks are a basic way to demonstrate that the genome is engineered and not local, and to distinguish the research facility of cause. Encoded in the watermarks is another DNA code for composing words, sentences and numbers. Notwithstanding the new code there is a web address to send messages to in the event that you can effectively decipher the new code, the names of 46 creators and other key supporters and three citations: â€Å"TO LIVE, TO ERR, TO FALL, TO TRIUMPH, TO RECREATE LIFE OUT OFLIFE. † †JAMES JOYCE; â€Å"SEE THINGS NOT AS THEY ARE, BUT AS THEY MIGHT BE. †-A statement from the book, â€Å"American Prometheus†; â€Å"WHAT I CANNOT BUILD, I CANNOT UNDERSTAND. † †RICHARD FEYNMAN. The JCVI researchers imagine that the information picked up by developing this first self-repeating manufactured cell, combined with diminishing expenses for DNA union, will offer ascent to more extensive utilization of this amazing innovation. This will without a doubt lead to the improvement of numerous significant applications and items including biofuels, antibodies, pharmaceuticals, clean water and food products.The bunch keeps on driving and bolster moral conversation and survey to guarantee a positive result for society. Financing for this exploration originated from Synthetic Genomics Inc. , an organization helped to establish by Drs. Venter and Smith. Foundation The exploration distributed today was made conceivable by past discoveries at JCVI. In 2007 the group distributed outcomes from the transplantation of the local M. mycoides genome into the M. capricolum cell which brought about the M. capricolum cell being changed into M. mycoides. This work built up the thought that DNA is the product of life and that DNA directs the cell phenotype.In 2008 a similar group covered the development of the primary manufactured bacterial genome by amassing DNA parts produced using the four synthetics of lifeâ€ACGT. The last get together of DNA pieces into the entire genome was acted in yeast by utilizing the yeast hereditary frameworks. In any case, when the group endeavored to transplant the manufactured bacterial genome out of yeast and into a beneficiary bacterial cell, practical transplants couldn't be recuperated. Moral Considerations: Since the start of the mission to comprehend and construct an engineered genome, Dr.Venter and his group have been worried about the cultural is sues encompassing the work. In 1995 while the group was doing the examination on the negligible genome, the work experienced noteworthy moral audit by a board of specialists at the University of Pennsylvania (Cho et al, Science December 1999:Vol. 286. no. 5447, pp. 2087 †2090). The bioethical gathering's free thoughts, distributed simultaneously as the logical negligible genome research, brought about a consistent choice that there were no solid moral reasons why the work ought not proceed as long as the researchers included kept on connecting with open conversation. Dr.Venter and the group at JCVI keep on working with bioethicists, outside arrangement gatherings, authoritative individuals and staff, and the general population to energize conversation and comprehension about the cultural ramifications of their work and the field of engineered genomics for the most part. In that capacity, the JCVI’s strategy group, alongside the Center for Strategic and International Stud ies (CSIS), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), were supported by an award from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for a 20-month study that investigated the dangers and advantages of this rising innovation, as well as could be expected protections to forestall misuse, including bioterrorism.After a few workshops and open meetings the gathering distributed a report in October 2007 illustrating choices for the field and its specialists. Most as of late in December of 2008, JCVI got financing from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to analyze ethic

Are you stuck in a rut Choose your adventure!

Are you trapped in an endless cycle Choose your experience! Do you ever feel like life is a mind blowing experience and completely the sky is the limit? I had seven days like that. I saw it especially on Friday when I went for my ordinary swim and had so much vitality I swam an additional quarter mile past my normal daily practice, at that point pursued the swim with 30 push-ups. The whole time I felt stimulated and fit for achieving anything I set my focus on. Mental demeanor is the greatest factor in creating results. I was helped to remember this reality last Thursday night, when, at the Wild Scenic Film Festival, I viewed a video around three climbers who scaled Yosemite’s notorious El Capitan. What made this trip especially amazing is that the entirety of the climbers were impaired. One had been brought into the world with only one arm (a â€Å"minor inconvenience† as indicated by him); the two others had lost a leg every, one because of a climbing fall and the third from bone malignant growth. Said one of the men: â€Å"The right demeanor and one arm will beat an inappropriate mentality and two arms, each time.† On the off chance that you have any questions, watch this rousing film: Brain you, I am not anticipating scaling any pinnacles even with every one of my appendages not in this lifetime. Be that as it may, the feeling of energy that prods these climbers is open to us all at each second. For me, it began with a task I was given during a workshop with the Wright Institute in Chicago. Before the workshop, I was stuck. Every day errands were feeling like a pound and I imagined that perhaps I expected to go out of the nation for some time to break my everyday practice. At that point came the schoolwork for the principal night of the workshop: to make an undertaking! The experience begins†¦ It was at that point 12 PM and class was firing up again at 8am the following morning. What experience precisely was conceivable in that short a time span? I discovered the following morning. I woke up before my alert sounded with cramps, in an unfilled house that has a place with my cousin Zack. I pondered internally, â€Å"I could lie here attempting to rest or I could get up and have an adventure!† I chose to get up. When I entered the shower I recollected that Zack had referenced a major bath with whirlpool streams some place in his home. I don’t ordinarily clean up, however this time I chose to interfere with my customary example. I escaped the shower and started scanning for the whirlpool, towel folded over me, leaving a path of wet impressions. In the cellar, I found a bath †¦ loaded with cleaning supplies. The hunt proceeded, and I at long last found the whirlpool, which I topped off †¦ yet I couldnt make sense of how to turn on these mythical planes. I got into the tub in any case, however thought, â€Å"Hey Im on an experience! This won’t do!† So I escaped the tub, took a gander at all the switches on the dividers, lastly made sense of it. Back in the tub, I saw a line of tea light candles at the edge of the shower. Be that as it may, no matches. My hold back: â€Å"Im on an adventure!† So I escaped the tub, looking wherever until I discovered matches. I would do this thing the correct way! Following a couple of moments the planes killed and abruptly I was loose and drifting in an independent heaven, being held delicately by warm water, encompassed by shining candlelight. I was so happy I had picked this experience, instead of dozing one more hour or setting off to my default of â€Å"I don’t take baths.† Unforeseen fortunes, phenomenal energy†¦ At the point when I went to hang up my towel, for reasons unknown I chose to look behind the entryway as opposed to hang the towel where I had put it previously. I discovered two lovely dragonfly snares which I hadn’t saw previously. Who realizes what can appear out of a feeling of experience? Who knows what else I had been missing? My experiences proceeded in the days following the workshop. Out of a discussion with a companion that felt somewhat unnerving from the outset, I startlingly headed to Minneapolis and remained two days, all since I chose to face a few challenges and not let anything stop me. Today, seven days after the finish of that workshop, my vitality is still high and I can’t hold on to find what’s next. So you should? Is it true that you are experiencing an undertaking at each second or would you say you are trapped in a hopeless cycle? It is safe to say that you are letting anything prevent you from making an energizing and invigorated life? Regardless of whether your test is remaining peppy while confronting joblessness, making satisfaction inside your present conditions, or scaling a stone face-it’s all in your mood. The correct mentality, second by second, implies you can have an amazing experience directly in your own lawn.

Passivity A Way Of Life Essays - Indian Films, Rukmani Devi, Karma

Lack of involvement: A Way Of Life Lack of involvement: A Way of Life. The life of the primary character Rukmani was loaded up with hardships. Cheerful occasions were an irregularity, and regular daily existence was loaded with work from dawn to nightfall. However notwithstanding all the work, her family was in absolute neediness. In any case Rukmani was consistently hopeful, furthermore, acknowledged her life the manner in which it was. Kenny, then again, never got why they acknowledge their neediness and consistently attempted to get them to ascend. It is Indian belief system and the faith in karma with resurrection that drove Rukmani and numerous other Indian individuals to an inactive life. This detachment is seen all through the book. Anyway particularly in the couple of cases after serious fiascos and emergencies along these lines of life sticks out. From the outset, Rukmani couldnt have kids after her first little girl. Kenny relieved her, and afterward she bore five children. Thereafter, she met Kenny and gladly said You are my benefactorhave I not five children to demonstrate it?(p. 36) Kenny replied, Am I to fault for your abundances? This was a half-snide comment. Be that as it may, just half mocking. Alright, you need children to work in the field, two children can oversee if Nathan oversaw alone. You can scarcely accommodate a couple of individuals, however the family comprises of eight. However everything is okay. Another case is the point at which the horrendous tempest hit the town and devastated the rice paddy. At the point when the tempest completed, Rukmani recently said that it will develop back thus did Nathan. At the hour of the awful dry spell the yield was annihilated, and significantly in the wake of giving a break of paying a large portion of the lease, selling garments, and a couple of different things they didnt have enough cash to pay the half, Nathan needed to sell the seed and a ton of other stuff. Rukmani begged him Let us just attempt, Let us save our expectation for the following harvest.(p. 80) Again there is the confidence. At last, she even affirms this lack of involvement herself. When Kenny demonstrated her the designs for the medical clinic, and the began to discuss the expenses, Rukmani couldnt comprehend why individuals gave such a lot of cash to help. Kenny stated, Because they have implies, do no the wiped out kick the bucket in the lanes on the grounds that there is no emergency clinic for them? Are not your youngsters conceived in canals? And so on. You should shout out on the off chance that you need assistance. Rukmani then idea, Well, and imagine a scenario in which we surrendered to our difficulties at each progression. We would be pitiable animals in fact to be so frail, for isn't a keeps an eye on soul given to him to transcend his misfortunes?(p. 115) And this is the quintessence of the contention introduced previously. They accept that their life is the best approach to satisfy the karma given to them. So Rukmani would satisfy her poor life as a spouse of a rancher. And afterward, in t he event that she finishes her karma, possibly she would be resurrected into a being with a superior life. And furthermore all the hardships might be disciplines for terrible deeds in the past life. This is accurately why Rukmani is generally so hopeful and leads her life inactively through all the difficult situations. This lack of involvement originates from the conviction. Perhaps it is a superior lifestyle, the lack of involvement worked for Gandhis freedom development. In addition, Rukmani did endure, and discloses to us this story as an elderly person, most likely trusting that she satisfied her karma. Book Reports

Digital Divide Essay

The term advanced separation developed in the mid-1990’s to portray the hole that exists between people who approach innovation and those that don't approach (Eamon, 2004). PC innovation has changed present day society in significant manners (Behrman and Shields, 2000). Regular society opens residents to innovation in some structure. Residents coordinate innovation into normal errands, for example, marking into work, taking care of tabs, shopping, making good on charges, and in any event, perusing the neighborhood paper (Behrman and Shields, 2000). The expanding incorporation of innovation into society cause educational systems to be increasingly unflinching about remembering innovation for each homeroom. School pioneers for the most part concur that entrance to innovation gets ready understudies to prevail in the 21st century (Bell, Judge, and Puckett, 2006). Different specialists call attention to that expanding access to innovation in the study hall condition doesn't guarantee scholastic improvement. These specialists call attention to that there are cutoff points to the favorable circumstances that innovation offers. A meta-investigation by Crismann, Badgert and Lucking (1997) including 27 examinations concerning scholastic accomplishment of understudies who got conventional study hall guidance or customary study hall guidance with innovation incorporation demonstrated intriguing outcomes. By and large, understudies accepting innovation implanted guidance accomplished higher scholastic accomplishment than 58. 2 percent of those in conventional study halls (Page, 2002). The advanced gap tends to cultural contrasts that relate to the instructive results of understudies. Such contrasts raised worries about the development of the advanced gap between the youngsters on one side who are profiting by innovation and the kids on the opposite side who the absence of innovation get to deserts (Becker, 2000). Key Terms and Definitions 1. Application †PC programming; likewise called a program 2. Broadband †a kind of information transmission where a solitary wire can convey a few channels on the double. Broadband innovation can transmit information, sound, and video at the same time over significant distances. 3. Visit †continuous, content based correspondence in a virtual domain 4. Advanced Divide †the hole between those with customary, successful access to computerized advances and those without 5. Advanced Technology †hardware and PC gear utilized for reasonable and enlightening purposes 6. Learning Portal †any site that offers students and associations solidified access to taking in and preparing assets from different sources 7. Sight and sound †intuitive content, pictures, sounds, and shading 8. System †at least two PCs that are associated so clients can share records and gadgets 9. Online †a PC speaking with another PC 10. Internet (www) †a graphical Internet device that gives access to landing pages made by people, organizations, and different associations Statement of Hypothesis Researchers characterize the computerized separate as inconsistencies in innovation use and access in learning conditions dependent on ethnicity and financial status (Pearson and Swain, 2002). Educational systems and government programs gracefully innovation hardware and programming to United States’ schools in exertion to close the advanced gap. Almost every school is presently furnished with PCs, and more than 66% of our nation’s youngsters approach at home (Shields and Behrman, 2000). Equivalent access and gracefully can't close the advanced gap alone. Instructors need sufficient preparing on determination of innovation and joining of innovation. Educators, guardians, and understudies must become innovation proficient so as to close the advanced partition. Survey of Literature Advantages of Technology and Academic Performance The computerized partition impacts scholastic execution since constrained understudy access to innovation limits encounters and information important to succeed scholastically. PC based innovation adds to children’s scholastic accomplishment. Scientists partner having a home PC to better scholastic execution (Jackson et al. , 2006). Schools assume a basic job in giving access to PCs to understudies who don't have home PCs. Educators can profoundly affect the computerized separate via cautiously inspecting how and when innovation use is vital. Customary utilization of innovation in the homeroom straightforwardly adds to understudy accomplishment, both by making understudies progressively powerful in their learning and instructors increasingly proficient in their educating. Instructor training ought not concentrate on innovation alone, yet on its arrangement with the educational program. All together for this arrangement with the educational program to happen, more PCs must be accessible for understudies use. Innovation coordinated into the educational program increments students’ time on task and expands learning into the home, past the conventional school day (Shield and Behrman, 2000). Homerooms profit by the benefits of innovation if arranging is productive and compelling for a specific gathering of understudies. Understudies must comprehend that the utilization of innovation inside exercises bolsters efficiency. Innovation is an apparatus that understudies use for learning, look into, organizing, cooperation, broadcast communications, and critical thinking. Innovation exercises must be significant and drawing in for understudies to improve scholarly execution. Instructors can move understudy gaining from remembering answers to inquiries to realizing how to discover answers. Exercises that urge understudies to utilize innovation outside of the study hall, for example, utilizing the innovation lab, school media focus, or neighborhood open library get ready understudies for future instructive encounters. Utilizing innovation for scholastic assignments assumes a positive job in understudy accomplishment (Wenglinsky, 2005). On the off chance that understudies take an interest in true innovation upgraded exercises all the time, these exercises will offer understudies the help they have to become students that are increasingly capable and potentially limited the gap. Impediments of Technology and Academic Performance The level and nature of the understudy connections with innovation can confine the scholastic points of interest that innovation offers. Understudies must have the option to utilize PCs for more than web-surfing, visiting, game playing, and taking an interest in low-level reasoning exercises. Understudy collaborations with PCs must be quality communications that permit understudies to do investigate and make unique mixed media items. Albeit 99% of open study halls approach PCs, numerous understudies are not satisfying the innovation guidelines set by the National Educational Technology Standards (Morgan and VanLengen, 2005). While innovation opens understudies to exercises that permit them to utilize higher request thinking and critical thinking methods, they despite everything like to take part in non-scholarly exercises on the Internet. Becker (2000) states that â€Å"most understudy Internet exercises were recreational in nature â€, for example, email, visit rooms, online games, web surfing, and tuning in to music†. Numerous children’s exercises on the Internet have all the earmarks of being for diversion purposes rather than instructive purposes. While the Internet gives understudies access to a variety of instructive apparatuses, it additionally gives them access to non-scholastic material. Instructors frequently experience difficulty checking understudy utilization of proper sites, electronic mail messages, texts, and live talk rooms. Without cautious perception, understudies can undoubtedly utilize educational time to get to material that is wrong for youngsters and won't improve scholarly improvement. Regardless of whether instructors appropriately screen understudies, they may not profit by approaching PCs in the homeroom. Research by Lilia C. DiBello (2005) states that numerous educators have not been appropriately prepared to coordinate innovation in the study hall. While educators might be alright with exploring different sorts of programming, they regularly experience difficulty actualizing the innovation to fulfill innovation guidelines (DiBello, 2005). Educator planning programs currently require future instructors to take an innovation course as a graduation necessity. Be that as it may, innovation is quickly changing and educational systems offer not many open doors that permit educators to stay aware of the progressions present day innovation brings. At the point when educators are not willing and not set up to incorporate innovation into their homerooms, they frequently neglect to get ready understudies to perform legitimate assignments utilizing the PCs. Instructors frequently use PCs for low-level reasoning exercises, for example, drill and practice (Pearson and Swain, 2002). As indicated by Pearson and Swain (2002), understudies in high-neediness schools use PCs for drill and practice 35% of the time, instead of understudies in low-destitution schools, who utilized PCs for drill and practice 26% of the time. Schools who are beneath the neediness line are additionally more regularly to utilize PCs for healing purposes rather than higher request suspecting abilities. Educators infrequently instruct understudies to utilize the PCs to responds to addresses that they ask, look into points, or to plan sight and sound undertakings that harmonize with the subjects they have learned in the homeroom. Significance of Closing the Divide The computerized separate exists both quantitatively and subjectively. Gillan (2003) bolstered that quantitative holes exist in schools and families where there isn't sufficient access or time went through with innovation. Subjective holes allude to choice of suitable applications and quality preparing. Numerous examinations have made the inference that the key factor in shutting the computerized partition may not be get to alone. As years have passed, consideration moved away from who is associated with the subject of who is served. Consider that the upper-to-white collar classes are given top notch access to innovation since technologists are working diligently making â€Å"solutions† structured only for them. As indicated by Morgan and VanLengen (2005), generally prosperous

Public Transport free essay sample

Concurring with the explanation that open vehicle is less generally utilized on the planet than private vehicle because of certain causes which keep us from the utilization of open vehicle oftentimes. All out number of vehicles accessible in UK are expanding drastically from 1888 and it is assessed that by by200 there will be 29 millions vehicles on the British street. This enormous increment in vehicle use causes the decrease out in the open vehicle which is presently proposed as more effective than vehicles since they dont need increasingly prudent guide like vehicles and just 4% of absolute upkeep cost is required not normal for vehicles with 17% of all out universes riches is poured on its support. Vehicles expend over 5% of the compensation of an individual however it additionally gives protection and wellbeing from others and it likewise supportive in family outings and this sort of transport is a smidgen contamination free because of less utilization of fills or toxins than open vehicle. We will compose a custom article test on Open Transport or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It very well may be run in awful climatic condition as well and in various scene, for example, sloping mountains were trains can't build up a decent system. Despite the fact that, vehicles are useful in keeping your excursion hidden however has risen prudent feelings of dread on the universal level. Its monetary need is expanding as the assortment of vehicles is expanding and it cost high measure of pay from the yearly financial plan internationally. Hence, this reality concerns us to get back with the open vehicle framework which need less measure of cash speculation and can be cut the monetary emergency coming on the planet by the private vehicle and ready to oversee financial improvement as well. Additionally, exchange types of transport like railways,roadways,metro prepares, or even bikes which are generally utilized in European nations can be empowered. There is an earnest need of a law that can control the overabundance utilization of vehicles however out the world. Along these lines, we can help ourselves from escaping this budgetary issues.

Strong Thesis Statement for a Research Paper

Strong Thesis Statement for a Research Paper Thesis Statement for a Research Paper The primary goal of writing any research paper is communication of ideas so, usually, research papers require developing a thesis statement which guides the readers through the expression of the writer’s ideas to help them understand what the writer is trying to communicate. Writing a good thesis statement might be a challenging task but it’s the key step in writing any research paper. To help you succeed in writing a good thesis, we have created this easy reference guide. Here we will explain what the thesis statement is and how to write a good thesis statement for a research paper. What is the thesis statement? It’s the sentence that makes an assertion about a paper’s topic and predicts how a topic of a research paper will be developed. It’s not just a simple announcement of a topic, your thesis should say something about the topic you are going to discuss in your paper. Any thesis makes a promise to the audience about the purpose, scope, and direction of a research paper. We should distinguish between a topic statement for research paper and a thesis statement. A topic statement is a sentence that presents the general subject of your research paper. Besides, there are topic sentences in paragraphs that tell readers what specific concepts will be discussed in each paragraph. Such sentences improve a research paper’s readability and organization. A strong thesis statement for research paper expresses a unifying theme â€" it may describe an idea, present an opinion or argument or provoke an analysis. Different types of papers require different forms of thesis statements. So we can distinguish among analytical thesis statement, expository thesis statement, and argumentative thesis statement. Most college research papers are argumentative which means they make the claims about certain topics and support these claims with specific evidence. What makes a strong thesis statement for argumentative research paper? There are four key features. It is focused and not too broad It picks a side It is debatable It makes claims that have to be supported in your research paper How to Create a Thesis Statement for a Research Paper Creating a thesis statement for a research paper is a very important step in the writing process. The thesis statement describes a point of view that you are going to express or prove in your research paper with supporting evidence. You should create a thesis statement for your research paper before you actually start your research because being a controlling idea for your paper, it will help you select the relevant sources that you will use and will limit the scope of your note taking. You should create your thesis statement carefully because it is the key to success of your whole research paper. How can you develop a good thesis statement? Why is it so challenging? A thesis statement is the result of a long thinking process and careful analysis after you have done preliminary research. Creating a thesis statement is not the first thing you can do after you have read your writing assignment. You need to work hard before you can develop an argument on your topic. First, you have to collect and organize information on your topic, seek for possible connections between known facts and think how important these relationships are. At first, you can develop a working thesis, that is a basic main idea or an argument that you think you will be able to support with convincing evidence in your research paper. You may need to revise your working thesis as you complete your research paper because you can change your topic as you write, so you should rewrite your thesis statement to ensure that it reflects the ideas that you have discussed in your research paper. You can develop your thesis statement for a research paper when following these steps: Write the topic and the key ideas of your research paper in a point form Write in a free form the most important conclusion or your thoughts about research paper Try to find connections between the points and emphasize effects, results, and causes. Answer the question: ‘Why did you write this research paper?’ Combine these ideas into a statement and write one or two sentences Are you still not sure about how to write a strong thesis statement for a research paper and need advice or professional help with any other issue? Hire a qualified writer on our custom paper writing service to write a model research paper on your topic. Our experienced writers can create impressive well-written sample papers on the most challenging research topics that can serve you as useful practical guides to understand the paper structure and master the complexities of academic writing. We will help you save time, feel confident and boost your performance in college.

A Marketing and Communication Plan for All Saints - 2750 Words

A Marketing and Communication Plan for All Saints (Research Paper Sample) Content: A Marketing and Communication Plan for All Saints[Name of Student][Name of Institution][Date]All Saints- An IntroductionAll Saints has initiated its business in the year 1994. Initially, it was just a brand for men; wholesaling its products to Harrods, Harvey Nichols and Barneys Japan and New York. On the 1st of November, 1997, they had opened their very first distinct store at the Fouberts Place. The store displayed the complete collection of the menswear. In the year 1998, All Saints has also launched their brands for women. Now, All Saints has established a portfolio of fifty stores in the United Kingdom, seventeen in the Europe and five stores in the United States of America CITATION Sam14 \l 1033 (Zalaznick, n.d.).From its very beginning, All Saints possesses an extended standing background of cooperating with and promoting the music industry cream. Stereophonics, U2, Kings of Leon and Kelis were among the foremost artists who have worked with the All Saints bra nd CITATION ALL14 \l 1033 (Anon., 2014).Brand HealthAll Saints possesses extraordinary brand awareness. The customers who are familiar with the All Saints brands immediately recognize their products whenever they spot them, even if the products are not in the All Saints store (Hulbert, Capon and Piercy 2005). For instance, All Saints is enormously famous for its fabulous and unique coats. So if a person owns a coat of All Saints, then that person receives several compliments and a large number of people identify and appreciate it as an All Saints coat; when that individual wears it.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: ALL SAINTS COAT CITATION All141 \l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)All Saints primarily emphasizes upon connecting its brands with the famous personalities on their personal platforms CITATION Jul10 \l 1033 (Finch, 2010). The All Saints brand is commonly perceived as a more autonomous, almost the distributor of dark fashion; and the brand has also been connected with operating in the unusual direction when compared to the other brands. But this should not be taken as a negative comment, but rather a perception of All Saints as a reckless and a pioneer symbol in the backdated fashion ambience.SWOT Analysis of the All SaintsStrengthsThe major strength of All Saints is that the brand is not at all led by any sorts of trends. The identity of the brand is evidently strong and clear. The garments produced by All Saints are of real high quality and they possess remarkable style. There are also a lot of short films which are associated with the All Saints brand in an excellent manner CITATION GIR10 \l 1033 (Anon., 2010). The brand is being run digitally and there are no television advertisements or posters. The All Saints people highly emphasize upon social networking and the page of YouTube contains all of the All Saints music sessions, films and campaigns.WeaknessesThe brand of All Saints is facing some sort of financial problems. Moreover, they have got restricted r ange of brands like there is no range of sleepwear, underwear, home wear, tall/ petite. As they are promoting their brand only in a digital way, so this factor is restricting the brand audience. Considering all the renowned brands, All Saints has made an enormous budget cut in its advertising too.OpportunitiesAll Saints can do vigorous advertising for the ranges of product other than the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s and the menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wear like toiletries, fragrances and home furnishings CITATION RUT10 \l 1033 (FERLA, 2010). All Saints can also spread out and can do a television advertisement by making use of one of its distinctive short films upon fashion. All Saints can also advance further in the market and can offer the intimate wears too.ThreatsWith the passage of time, the All Saints customers are getting aged but it is just aiming towards those customers who are in their twenties. This practice can obstruct their sales. So ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s high time for All Saints to serve both the ages. All Saints is also fighting hard against the brands like Topshop and Zara who are offering the similar sort of high street brands on much cheaper rates. Further, there is a rise in the product costs for All Saints, which could result in the lost of the customers for it.Competitor Analysis for All SaintsZara and Topshop are the major competitors of All Saints in both the UK and the USA market.Zara is the Spanish clothing brand established in 1975. It is one of the biggest retailers of fashion and the prime selling brand. From the year 1975 to the year 2014, Zara has expanded its line of stores and now it owns more than fifteen thousand and forty stores across the world. This demonstrates the acceptability and privilege Zara has received from the masses CITATION Mar12 \l 1033 (Tungate, 2012).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2: ZARA CITATION Zar14 \l 1033 (Anon., 2014)Topshop is being considered as an idol of the British style and it is being loved by the celebrities and the studen ts alike. In recent times, this fashion chain owns four hundred and forty stores on an international basis, having three hundred stores in the Britain alone. Topshop also ships to more than one hundred countries CITATION Hei10 \l 1033 (Heinemann Schwarzl, 2010).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: TOPSHOP CITATION Top14 \l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)Zara and Topshop are strong competitors of All Saints because they also possess a really powerful brand image communicated by means of easily identifiable logos. Zara and Topshop compete sharply with All Saints regarding the sales of accessories as well as the garments. However, Zara and Topshop are not facing any sort of financial problems like All Saints. This factor is providing an edge to them upon the All Saints.All Saints- Vision and ObjectivesThe vision of All Saints is being communicated with the help of their mission statement, i.e. to produce a brand that mingles fashion and music into a vigorous formula of attractive clothing that exhibi ts attitude and individuality. All Saints penetrates by means of its strategy regarding social media, the design of their stores, e- commerce and the selection of their designs. Over the years, All Saints has been successful in creating a unique identification for itself amid the style aware shoppers as a novel stop for the fashion being led by the designs that never chase the trends.Brand essence (emotional functional values, personality)The brand essence of All Saints products is the distinctiveness from its competitors and decent look that it provides to the consumers. This has created its customers to have emotional attachment with the brand and shows loyalty. However, the functional values that the brand offers is affordable apparel with continuous engagement with both men and women wear. Besides this, the personality of the brand is luxury products that it offers to its customers.All Saints- Positioning and Customer SegmentationThe name of All Saints has become compatible wit h the cutting edge trend for those having the fashion sense. They direct towards the style conscious and trendy niche. All Saints has chosen a unique attitude for their retail, online and marketing strategies with a target statistics of 18- 35.All Saints has chosen gender distribution in their attitude to the social media and they always post individually about the menswear and the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wear CITATION All10 \l 1033 (Anon., 2010). They have driven successful participation from both the women and the men on an equal basis. All Saints target women with the posts regarding fashionable and trendy collections and men with the music posts. Through this approach they have developed a devoted fan base. All Saints evidently provides a fascinating example of the fact that in what ways companies can sensibly grasp the most productive ways in order to gain participation from their customers CITATION All14 \l 1033 (Anon., 2014). Their site of e- commerce, their retail concepts, camp aigns of the social media, music service and an extreme focus on the autonomous fashion have helped All Saints in securing its place as a truly genuine and a financially feasible brand of the recent times.PEST analysisThe following is the PEST analysis of All Saints:Political factorsAmong others, one big political concern is the misuse of low-priced labour that are available in third world or developing countries as the price competition, globalised trading, international competition to expand geographically have increased importance of labour chain (Pride and Ferrell 2004). For this, many campaigns are being held for international regulation, child labour and workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ rights. Moreover, the European Union has also set legislations and restrictions to protect workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s rights (Debelak 2000). Thus, All Saints has to consider all these issues while operating and expanding in European Union countries. Besides this, the company also follows all the laws and regulations while operating in UK (Aaker 2012).Economic factorsAll Saints also consider various economic factors as these have large impact on the business operations. In UK, the increase in VAT and shift towards off-shoring of the domestic production has affected the economy (Gronlund 2013). In addition, the decline of domestic manufacturing has left consumers with few choices of high priced products. This has affected the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s decision to purchase products (Baker 2012). Although, All Saints products are affordable, but overall impact of economic factors could affect its business in UK. Besides this, the recession of 2007 still has impact on the economy of UK that has affected the demand and consumption of apparel and other accessories.Social factorsDifferent social factors also have an impact on the business operations (Cheverton 2005). Many... A Marketing and Communication Plan for All Saints - 2750 Words A Marketing and Communication Plan for All Saints (Research Paper Sample) Content: A Marketing and Communication Plan for All Saints[Name of Student][Name of Institution][Date]All Saints- An IntroductionAll Saints has initiated its business in the year 1994. Initially, it was just a brand for men; wholesaling its products to Harrods, Harvey Nichols and Barneys Japan and New York. On the 1st of November, 1997, they had opened their very first distinct store at the Fouberts Place. The store displayed the complete collection of the menswear. In the year 1998, All Saints has also launched their brands for women. Now, All Saints has established a portfolio of fifty stores in the United Kingdom, seventeen in the Europe and five stores in the United States of America CITATION Sam14 \l 1033 (Zalaznick, n.d.).From its very beginning, All Saints possesses an extended standing background of cooperating with and promoting the music industry cream. Stereophonics, U2, Kings of Leon and Kelis were among the foremost artists who have worked with the All Saints bra nd CITATION ALL14 \l 1033 (Anon., 2014).Brand HealthAll Saints possesses extraordinary brand awareness. The customers who are familiar with the All Saints brands immediately recognize their products whenever they spot them, even if the products are not in the All Saints store (Hulbert, Capon and Piercy 2005). For instance, All Saints is enormously famous for its fabulous and unique coats. So if a person owns a coat of All Saints, then that person receives several compliments and a large number of people identify and appreciate it as an All Saints coat; when that individual wears it.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: ALL SAINTS COAT CITATION All141 \l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)All Saints primarily emphasizes upon connecting its brands with the famous personalities on their personal platforms CITATION Jul10 \l 1033 (Finch, 2010). The All Saints brand is commonly perceived as a more autonomous, almost the distributor of dark fashion; and the brand has also been connected with operating in the unusual direction when compared to the other brands. But this should not be taken as a negative comment, but rather a perception of All Saints as a reckless and a pioneer symbol in the backdated fashion ambience.SWOT Analysis of the All SaintsStrengthsThe major strength of All Saints is that the brand is not at all led by any sorts of trends. The identity of the brand is evidently strong and clear. The garments produced by All Saints are of real high quality and they possess remarkable style. There are also a lot of short films which are associated with the All Saints brand in an excellent manner CITATION GIR10 \l 1033 (Anon., 2010). The brand is being run digitally and there are no television advertisements or posters. The All Saints people highly emphasize upon social networking and the page of YouTube contains all of the All Saints music sessions, films and campaigns.WeaknessesThe brand of All Saints is facing some sort of financial problems. Moreover, they have got restricted r ange of brands like there is no range of sleepwear, underwear, home wear, tall/ petite. As they are promoting their brand only in a digital way, so this factor is restricting the brand audience. Considering all the renowned brands, All Saints has made an enormous budget cut in its advertising too.OpportunitiesAll Saints can do vigorous advertising for the ranges of product other than the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s and the menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wear like toiletries, fragrances and home furnishings CITATION RUT10 \l 1033 (FERLA, 2010). All Saints can also spread out and can do a television advertisement by making use of one of its distinctive short films upon fashion. All Saints can also advance further in the market and can offer the intimate wears too.ThreatsWith the passage of time, the All Saints customers are getting aged but it is just aiming towards those customers who are in their twenties. This practice can obstruct their sales. So ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s high time for All Saints to serve both the ages. All Saints is also fighting hard against the brands like Topshop and Zara who are offering the similar sort of high street brands on much cheaper rates. Further, there is a rise in the product costs for All Saints, which could result in the lost of the customers for it.Competitor Analysis for All SaintsZara and Topshop are the major competitors of All Saints in both the UK and the USA market.Zara is the Spanish clothing brand established in 1975. It is one of the biggest retailers of fashion and the prime selling brand. From the year 1975 to the year 2014, Zara has expanded its line of stores and now it owns more than fifteen thousand and forty stores across the world. This demonstrates the acceptability and privilege Zara has received from the masses CITATION Mar12 \l 1033 (Tungate, 2012).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2: ZARA CITATION Zar14 \l 1033 (Anon., 2014)Topshop is being considered as an idol of the British style and it is being loved by the celebrities and the studen ts alike. In recent times, this fashion chain owns four hundred and forty stores on an international basis, having three hundred stores in the Britain alone. Topshop also ships to more than one hundred countries CITATION Hei10 \l 1033 (Heinemann Schwarzl, 2010).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: TOPSHOP CITATION Top14 \l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)Zara and Topshop are strong competitors of All Saints because they also possess a really powerful brand image communicated by means of easily identifiable logos. Zara and Topshop compete sharply with All Saints regarding the sales of accessories as well as the garments. However, Zara and Topshop are not facing any sort of financial problems like All Saints. This factor is providing an edge to them upon the All Saints.All Saints- Vision and ObjectivesThe vision of All Saints is being communicated with the help of their mission statement, i.e. to produce a brand that mingles fashion and music into a vigorous formula of attractive clothing that exhibi ts attitude and individuality. All Saints penetrates by means of its strategy regarding social media, the design of their stores, e- commerce and the selection of their designs. Over the years, All Saints has been successful in creating a unique identification for itself amid the style aware shoppers as a novel stop for the fashion being led by the designs that never chase the trends.Brand essence (emotional functional values, personality)The brand essence of All Saints products is the distinctiveness from its competitors and decent look that it provides to the consumers. This has created its customers to have emotional attachment with the brand and shows loyalty. However, the functional values that the brand offers is affordable apparel with continuous engagement with both men and women wear. Besides this, the personality of the brand is luxury products that it offers to its customers.All Saints- Positioning and Customer SegmentationThe name of All Saints has become compatible wit h the cutting edge trend for those having the fashion sense. They direct towards the style conscious and trendy niche. All Saints has chosen a unique attitude for their retail, online and marketing strategies with a target statistics of 18- 35.All Saints has chosen gender distribution in their attitude to the social media and they always post individually about the menswear and the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wear CITATION All10 \l 1033 (Anon., 2010). They have driven successful participation from both the women and the men on an equal basis. All Saints target women with the posts regarding fashionable and trendy collections and men with the music posts. Through this approach they have developed a devoted fan base. All Saints evidently provides a fascinating example of the fact that in what ways companies can sensibly grasp the most productive ways in order to gain participation from their customers CITATION All14 \l 1033 (Anon., 2014). Their site of e- commerce, their retail concepts, camp aigns of the social media, music service and an extreme focus on the autonomous fashion have helped All Saints in securing its place as a truly genuine and a financially feasible brand of the recent times.PEST analysisThe following is the PEST analysis of All Saints:Political factorsAmong others, one big political concern is the misuse of low-priced labour that are available in third world or developing countries as the price competition, globalised trading, international competition to expand geographically have increased importance of labour chain (Pride and Ferrell 2004). For this, many campaigns are being held for international regulation, child labour and workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ rights. Moreover, the European Union has also set legislations and restrictions to protect workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s rights (Debelak 2000). Thus, All Saints has to consider all these issues while operating and expanding in European Union countries. Besides this, the company also follows all the laws and regulations while operating in UK (Aaker 2012).Economic factorsAll Saints also consider various economic factors as these have large impact on the business operations. In UK, the increase in VAT and shift towards off-shoring of the domestic production has affected the economy (Gronlund 2013). In addition, the decline of domestic manufacturing has left consumers with few choices of high priced products. This has affected the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s decision to purchase products (Baker 2012). Although, All Saints products are affordable, but overall impact of economic factors could affect its business in UK. Besides this, the recession of 2007 still has impact on the economy of UK that has affected the demand and consumption of apparel and other accessories.Social factorsDifferent social factors also have an impact on the business operations (Cheverton 2005). Many...

The Rise Of The American Revolution - 2123 Words

After helping the colonists defeat the British in the American Revolution, France faced incredible debt. The king looked to an Assembly of Notables for help in repaying this debt, but they refused to aid him. Out of options, the king called the Estates General so that they would levy taxes in France. The Estates General was formed by members from each of the three Estates: the 1st Estate, which was comprised of the clergy; the 2nd Estate, which was comprised of the nobility; and the 3rd Estate, which was representative of everyone else in France. Excited by the prospect of getting involved in government, the 3rd Estate representatives did not just want to levy taxes for the king. The representatives from the 3rd Estate wanted to become a permanent fixture in government, so they broke off from the Estates General and called themselves the National Assembly. The National Assembly took an oath -- the Tennis Court Oath -- to not disband until they had created a constitution for France. T hey established a constitution and the legislative assembly convened, and they were in charge for about a year. However, once the National Convention abolished the monarchy and the King was executed, the government faced being controlled by radicals who would implement a Terror. The Terror officially began when the Convention declared it, but some events leading up to the Terror that could be considered a part of it happened before that declaration. The purging of the Girondins from the NationalShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The American Revolution1818 Words   |  8 Pagescolonies experienced a population growth from 250,000 people to 2.5 million people by the beginning of the American Revolution. There were factors to this great population increase. The factors include natural increase because the colonists were living longer and their children were having children, an influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany, and the increased immigration of African American slaves. 2. 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In the Christian ReformationRead MoreThe Mexican Revolution1019 Words   |  5 PagesMexico’s Revolution Ariel Elias HIST 112 Proffesor Cummings 17 February 2013 Ariel Elias Professor Cummings Hist 112 17 February 2013 Mexico’s Revolution Many nations across time and the world have experienced a revolution. From the American revolution to the French revolution, history has proven conflict can engage a nation at any moment. Tanter explains that two possible scenarios, changesRead MoreThe Great Principles Of The American Revolution1689 Words   |  7 Pagescreation of the American nation became what it is today from years of struggle in which the common people, as well as the Founding Fathers, played a vital part for independence. The promise of the Revolution, a nation based on the republican ideals of liberty, independence, and equality, was to some extent achieved. Yet the great principles of the Revolution have long shaped our thoughts of what it means to be an American. 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Definition Essay On Love - 1807 Words

Evangelina medina Professor Ehring English 101 October 6,2017 Definition of love Everyone has their own definition about what love means to them. Love is all around us.Too often, love is conceived as doing whatever it takes to get what you want. However, love involves much more than personal satisfaction. The action of giving yourself totally to one person without expecting anything in return, willing to put aside your own needs in order to meet the needs of others. Giving up your weekend trip in order to take care of your sick mother is one example of love. A mother giving up her one piece of bread to feed her little boy is another example of love. Loving someone means you†¦show more content†¦Parents love children no matter how old they become.Because children love their parents, they come to learn love from their experience of loving parents. Without having parents, we never experience love. Love is universal, it connects people to things and even more importantly, people to people. Love may be understood as part of the survival instinct, a function k eeping human beings together against menaces and that aids the continuation of our species, and love is the constant source of happiness.Love is an emotion that a person feels inside his heart. It’s a powerful emotion for which there is no wrong definition for it because it suits every person differently. Webster defines love as â€Å"a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties (2): attraction based on sexual desires(3):affection based on admiration or common interests†. Even though people define love different it is a feeling that every human has. In dictionaries love is defined as a feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection but it is more than just a deep connection. It is more than deep connections because there are different types of love that is felt differently and those type of love are categorized into three main categories: love between families, love between friends, and love between god.It is the strength of this feeling that makes love the most powerful emotion that most of us will ever experience. People can do some dreadful things out of hateShow MoreRelatedDefinition Essay on Love1035 Words   |  5 PagesLove by definition is an emotion explored in philosophy, religion, and literature, often as either romantic love, the fraternal love of others, or the love of God based on the definition found in The Encarta Encyclopedia. As I explored the definition by means of the Internet, books, and articles I noticed the definitions changed quite a bit, but yet had the same basic understanding. The definition I found in The Encarta Encyclopedia was probably the most simple and most basic. 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Victorianism Versus Modernism - 1869 Words

Matias Gutierrez Mrs. Smith World Literature 21 December 2012 OLD*******8 Victorianism in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Modernism in The Metamorphosis Victorianism is about how the individual could improve the society. They believed that a good individual could make the society better as a whole and therefore improve life. Victorians focused on science and the desire for extremely realistic portrayal of life in both literature and art. Some aspects of Victorian thinking were retained while others were discarded in a new movement called Modernism. Modernists focus on the individual but have the view that humans are beings without free will and that they do not look for guidance within them, but instead are driven by†¦show more content†¦The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde showed people that being a good person is the best thing to do for society and for the individual. The reason Jekyll is a good example to show the Victorian qualities of science exploration and the effects the individual has on the world is explained by Masao, â€Å" In this society of respectables Dr. Jekyll stands out as â€Å"the very pink of the proprieties†(Chap. 1). Although his studies, like those of Faust and Frankenstein before him, tend toward â€Å"the mystic and the transcendental† (Ch. 10), he still manages to maintain a considerable scientific reputation. And yet, despite Jekyll’s social role-in fact, because of it-it is Jekyll who brings for Mr. Hyde.† (Masao 470-480) Masao explains why Jekyll underwent his transformation and how science heavily influenced his thinking to try this experiment. Masao also explains that science is possible through the well-mannered people of the time and their questioning of ways to improve society. The Modernism Period was about the individual and that the individual could not really change society. The Mod ernist literary period was marked by the reactions and sentiments towards global change and tragedy. The Modernist movement began around 1890 and lasted to 1945. Now during this time the World Wars wreaked havoc on the most culturally, technological, and industrialized parts of the world; which caused people to want to create

The Freedom of Men in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Work Essay

Out of the many philosophers of his time, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas were the most enlightened. His ideas were extremely controversial and he has influenced political and social change for over two hundred years. His ideas were enlightened by thinking ahead of the people of his time by talking about general will, liberty and the corruption of society, and how freedom was essential to being human. We find the Rousseau argued about the freedoms of men quite a bit in his work The Social Contract. He argued that the power of the government should be reconsidered and rethought because any government which does not care about the fundamental rights and equality of any citizen has broken the social contract that is the very heart of†¦show more content†¦Rousseau wanted to figure out a way to preserve order in society but at the same time increase individual liberty but we give credit to Rousseau on being the first Enlightenment thinker to articulate the importance of the basis of rights. Rousseau describes the relationship between man and society in his work The Social Contract where he has an enlightened idea that the state of nature is extremely cruel when it is without law or morality but even amidst all that, there are good men that are in that society’s presence. He claims that when it comes to nature, man always feels the need to compete with other neighbors and fellow men. That in turn causes the joining of fellow men to create something we call a â€Å"society†. In turn, it has set the wheels of the Five Pillars of Western Thought moving in Rousseau’s mind giving his generation something to think about over the next centuries. The five pillars Rousseau so strongly supported were Democracy, Capitalism, Equality, Individualism and Freedom of Religion (Chorlton, â€Å"The Enlightenment† October 1, 2009). These he thought were key essential points in maintaining that well balanced society where equality and liberty rules all and this i dea was very unheard of considering many still believed that the king ruled all and could even take a life as if playing God’s Hand. These statements of his are why the generation of todayShow MoreRelatedJean Jacques Rousseau And Mary Wollstonecraft1201 Words   |  5 Pageseducation. Many of these ideas stem from the revolutionary work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft. This essay will discuss the main ideas from their work and also how it is reflected in other work during the Age of Enlightenment for educationalists such as Johann Pestalozzi and Robert Owen. The final aspect of this essay will discuss how these ideas are reflected in early New Zealand education and the system. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas about children and education were both admired andRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Origin of Civil Society and Declaration of Independence1445 Words   |  6 PagesComparison: Jean-Jacques Rousseaus The Origin of Civil Society and Jeffersons Declaration of Independence The Origin of Civil Society, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Declaration of Independence are two important historical documents. They have many similarities. They also have many differences. Rousseaus article is an essay. It talks about his version of civilized society. Jeffersons document is a declaration of independence. In it, Jefferson talks about why the colonists are seeking freedomRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau1524 Words   |  7 PagesTopic #1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes the provocative claim that the transfer of sovereignty involves in the election of representatives signifies a loss of freedom: The instant a people chooses representatives, it is no longer free. 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Marx saw the world as two different entities. He saw it as a scuffle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. This is what divided the capitalist society. Marx believed everyone works in some shape, form, and fashion. The bourgeoisie were the individuals that held the capital and the proletariats were the wage-laborers. The social aspect would then come in to play. Marx would then try to figure out how the bourgeoise and theRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesover the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborate in this paper. In the book Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to discuss the social contract. Hobbes explains that all human beings are born in â€Å"the state of nature†, which means that all men used to live in the primitive state before the advent of society. 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Law Enforcement Today Free Essays

Enforcement Today Name CJS/200 October 28, 2012 Instructor Name Law Enforcement Today Police departments in today’s society face a variety of issues such as working in a multicultural society, corruption within the department, the dangers involved in their work, such as violence on duty, and their use of force when subduing a suspect, just to name a few. (Schmalleger, 2011). With so many issues to consider, the job of policing our streets continues to become increasing challenging. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now As society in the United States continues to evolve, this country has become home to people of various ethnic backgrounds and cultures. This creates more issues for police departments when the police department is not diverse enough, and this could lead to racial profiling and language issues. When a police officer is unaware with the dialect or the language of the community, this can make it harder to investigate cases because it makes it tough to find out whether the crime has happen, when it happen and where it happened. If a police officer considers a person’s race to determine if a crime has happened, or more likely to happen, this is what is considered as racial profiling (Schmalleger, 2011). One solution to this problem would be to hire and train more officers that speak more than one language. Along with racial profiling, officers face another issue within their police departments, which is corruption. While most officers take their vow to protect and to serve seriously, and honor the commitment they took, there are others who do not. Some officers fall prey to temptations such as bribery. The lower salary of a police officer is one reason for officers to accept bribes (Schmalleger, 2011).. Some police officers will take money as payment from an offender for making a speeding ticket disappear, or for walking away from a drug transaction in progress. Another form of corruption would be when an officer denies the suspect their constitutional right to due process by planting evidence at a crime scene. Other officers may commit offenses such as drinking while driving, and by using illegal drugs. Their idea that they are above prosecution, because they are a law enforcement officer, is another form of police corruption (Schmalleger, 2011). Corrupt behavior can also lead to violence when something goes wrong. Police officers also face the dangers of violence in the line of duty, as well as the risk of coming into contact with dangerous, or infected evidence (Schmalleger, 2011). For example, when an officer has to respond to a domestic violence incident, there is a real possibility of the perpetrator becoming violent with the officer as well. Officers also need to be cautious of how they handle infected evidence, such as the needles which are used by a known drug user, If a drug suspect has disease such as Aids, an officer can become infected with Aids if he does not handle the needle properly, and inadvertently sticks himself with the needle. They also face the possibility of coming into contact with dangerous evidence, such as explosive devices. Issues such as these make the officer’s job extremely dangerous. Fortunately, local law enforcement officers have the benefit of a close working relationship with state and federal law enforcement agencies to assist their efforts in combatting crime. Law enforcement at every level share information with the United States Department of Homeland Security, to safeguard the land of the United States from criminal activity which may occur domestically or at the hands of another country. These agencies include The United States of Citizenship – The Immigration Services, The United States Border of Protection, The United States Immigration – The Customs Enforcement, The Federal Emergency Management Agency, The United States Secret Service, and The Transportation Security Administration. The United States of Citizenship and the Immigration Services handle the progression of citizenship, residency, and housing for foreigners. The United States of Custom and the Border Protection is a law enforcement method that puts in force United States borders including land, sea or even air. The United States Custom and the Border Protection watches and enforced the customs, agriculture regulations and immigrants. The United States Immigration and the Customs Enforcement were put into 2 areas. One was to have an investigation of international and national crimes which was called Homeland Security Investigation. The other one was to enforce the removals of immigrants that violate, which was called the Enforcement and Removal Operations. The Transportation Security Administration was known for taking care of the air travel security international and domestic. Also they were responsible for the territory and the water transport security (Department of Homeland Security, n. d. ). The United States Coast Guard was the services for safeguarding our natural resources, defending national, and security of maritime. The United States Secret Service is known as an law enforcement that gives safeguard services for vital government officers. The United States Service also protects the United States exchange. Some suggestions on to how to develop the relationship between the DHS the police department is by educating more law enforcement and home land officials about using security and the process about how to use it too. More suggestions will be improving communication by learning different ways to communicate by adding language programs or just hiring a more diverse officer. Another suggestion will be improving is on how well the private security and the law enforcement get along. This matter because this takes an important role in Department of Homeland Security. References Department of Homeland Security. (n. d. ). Homeland Security Information Network – Law Enforcement Mission. Retrieved from http://www. dhs. gov Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the twenty- first century(11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall How to cite Law Enforcement Today, Essays

Ultra Vires in 1984 Corporate Veil

Question: Describe about Critically assess the tests that must be met before the corporate veil will be pierced? Answer: There are several occasions when a court has to deal with the issue if a particular corporation can be considered as separate legal entity. This issue generally arises in cases where the claimant wants to recover from a company and it is found that the company does not own any assets of its own and it is a part of it larger group that owns all the assets. It was provided for the first time in Saloman v A Saloman Co Ltd that had incorporated company has to be considered as having a separate legal identity that is different from the directors or the shareholders of the company. Since then, this has remained a basic principle of company law in the UK. The result of this principle is that due to the reason that a corporation is considered as a distinct legal entity, the contract that has been created by the company is generally not enforceable against the controlling parties, like the directors or the shareholders. In the same way, the liability that has been incurred by any of the controlling parties in their individual capacity is not enforceable against the corporation. However, there have been several occasions when the courts have felt the need to penetrate the veil and as a result, have stated that these controlling parties can be considered as liable. According to the general rule, the courts follow the strict legal principle of the separate legal entity of a company that was provided in Salomons case and as a result, the courts consider the corporation as having a distinct identity and therefore, generally the courts are not ready to penetrate the corporate veil. However in the case titled as Caterpillar Financial Services (UK) Limited v Saenz Corp Limited, Mr Karavias, Egerton Corp Others (2012) is an exception to the general rule because in this case, the court decided to use its jurisdiction and pierce the corporate veil. In this case, a successful application was made by Caterpillar regarding summary judgment seeking a declaration that the defendant was using the Corporation as a corporate vehicle. As a result of this, a judgment should be issued that was also enforceable against some of the assets of the company. In this way, this decision shows that although it is very exceptional but in some cases, the courts will be read y to exercise their jurisdiction for the purpose of penetrating the veil. Despite the fact that the historical position has been that the courts have always considered in corporate companies as enjoying a separate legal identity but at the same time, it has also been recognized since along that in case the directors of the company were involved in the fraud, even when the money was borrowed by the corporate identity, the directors of the company can be held liable under the tort of deceit (Cain, 1990). In the same way, it has also been recognized that in case a director of the company is personally involved in converting an estate of the company, for example selling the asset, it can result in the personal liability of the director due to the reason that the director was acting as the agent of the corporation and an agent is considered as personally liable for the conversion (Cooper and Robertson, 1990). It has been mentioned by the courts on several occasions that the discretion to penetrate will not be exercised even if any wrongdoing has been established, if the wrong was not associated with the use of the corporate structure for the purpose of avoiding liability and in the same way, the courts will also not penetrate the corporate veil only due to the reason that justice requires so (Cain, 1985). For example, the above-mentioned principles have been reaffirmed in Adams v Cape Industries (1990). At the same time, there are certain cases where the companies offer group will not be considered as separate entities, even if it is against the general principle. For example, recently in the decision given in Chandler v Cape Plc (2012), where the subsidy company was not in existence anymore and as a result, the duty of care was imposed by the court on the parent company regarding the responsibility to ensure the welfare of the employees who were working for the subsidiary. In this way, although it is not very common for the courts to penetrate the veil, there have been certain attempts by the litigants where the courts have been asked to do so. For example, in a case recently decided by the Court of Appeal, US $225 million were provided by the claimant bank in accordance with the facility agreement. The money was utilized by the Russian borrower which was a corporation, for the purpose of facilitating the acquisition from the first defendant, a company located in British Virgin Isl ands and was controlled from Russia. Subsequently, the borrower made a default in repaying the debt. Claimant did not recover the loan through the security that was provided in this case and it was purported that the deceitful misrepresentation made by the first defendant had persuaded the claimant for the facility agreement and it also alleged that rest of the defendants were also liable jointly. After having the information to serve out of jurisdiction, a worldwide freezing order was granted against the fourth defendant, as it was claimed by the claimant that it controlled the first and the second defendants. At the same time, an application was also made by the claimant to amend the particulars of claim and to incorporate a contractual claim (VTB Capital Plc v Nutritek International Corp., 2012). It was also argued that in this case, the veil should be penetrated by the court and the respondents should be considered jointly and severally liable along with the debtor on the ground that they had control over the actions of the borrower and were using the borrower only as a device to conceal their impropriety. It was decided by the Court of Appeal that it will be against the principal and authority and as a result, it will not be appropriate to pierce the corporate veil for the purpose of giving effect to a contractual claim made by the claimant against those who were claimed to be in control over the defendant corporations, particularly when they were not a part of the above-mentioned contract. In Caterpillar Financial Services v Saenz Corp. Ltd, Caterpillar had advance loans to the 1st and the 2nd defendant corporations. The reason of these loans was to build two yachts. However the 1st and the 2nd defendant had evaded the repayment of loan. The result was that the claimant, Caterpillar Financial Services made the months from the 1st and 2nd defendants and it also dominated the loan contracts. At the same time, demands were also made on each guarantor of the loans, comprising the third to the ninth defendant. In this case, the defendants were connected with the 1st and the 2nd defendant and also with the third defendant who was described as the governing mind of the defendant corporations and was also among the guarantors. In this case, the 4th defendant corporation had provided guarantee and indemnity that was exhibited in favor of the agreement regarding the loans advanced by the claimant. In the same way, the fifth, six as well as the seventh defendant corporations have also provided guarantees or security regarding the loan advanced by the claimant. The 8th and the 9th defendants were the persons who had given guarantees regarding the loan that was given to the second defendant. At the same time, it was alleged that the defendant number 10 to 16 were the alter ego corporate vehicles that were used by the third defendant as it had control over the actions of these companies. Under these circumstances, the claimant was successful in achieving a judgment from the court against a third defendant under the impression that the judgment was enforceable against the property that was stated by the guarantor as belonging to him, before the loan was given by the claimant. On the other hand, it was claimed by the guarantor in these proceedings that the residential property mentioned above was in fact owned by the 14th defendant or the Company and therefore, the fourth defendant does not have any beneficial interest in the property. On the other hand, in an application made by the claimant, it was stated that if these facts would have been mentioned by the fourth defendant earlier, the claimant would not have considered the advancement of these loans without the presence of a sufficient security given by the company as a result of which, the claimant could have pursued against the company and ultimately, it would have enforced a judgment against the security provided by the company in case of a default (Grantham, 2001). Therefore, an application for summary judgment was made by the claimant for declaring that the Company was only a corporate vehicle that was used by the guarantor and therefore the court should penetrate the veil and the judgment should be allowed to be enforced against th e assets that belong to the Company. Relevant Tests For the purpose of penetrating the veil, the relevant tests that were described by the court in this case needs to be discussed. There are certain tests that have to be fulfilled before the court can yes the corporate veil (Hayshem v Shayif Anor., 2008). The Court has applied these tests in VTB Capital Plc v Nutritek International Corp (2012) and also in Caterpillar. These tests can be described in the following words. According to this test, only the ownership and control over the company cannot be considered a sufficient for the court to penetrate the veil. The corporate veil cannot be penetrated by the court in case there is no unrelated third party and only on the grounds that piercing the corporate there is required in the interests of justice. On the other hand, impropriety should also be established by the party who wants the court to pierce the corporate veil but at the same time, impropriety alone is not considered as sufficient for the court to pierce the veil. In this reg ard it is also required to be established that such impropriety is also associated with the concealment or the avoidance of a liability by using the corporate structure (Egert, 1986). For the purpose of penetrating the veil by the court, the intentions of the wrongdoer have to be considered but at the same time, it also needs to be established that the wrongdoer had control over the company and it was being used as a facade for the purpose of concealing the wrongdoings (Gallimore, 1994). While deciding the question if the company was incorporated with the deceptive intention, the court is required to consider if the company was only a facade at the relevant time which is the time of the transactions in question. Similarly the remedy will be provided by the court only regarding the particular wrongdoing and has been committed in a case (Machen, 1910). For the purpose of establishing that the corporate structure was being used as a device for conceiving and impropriety, first of all t he impropriety should be established in the court. Application of the Tests The above-mentioned tests were successfully applied by the court in Caterpillar case. For example, several documents which included the documents that confirm that the bank documents were received by the guarantor on behalf of the Company, established that the actions of the company were being controlled and directed by the guarantor. In this way, the first requirement related control was established. It was also established in this case that the first defendant was living in the residential property mentioned above and the same was also being used by the first defendant as an address for registering and corresponding regarding several other companies. In the same way, the guarantor had also tried to sell the property when the claimant had made an application for a freezing injunction. Therefore the court was of the opinion that although the issues might be right but they do not satisfy the 5th notion. Therefore Eder J said that the court will only pierce the veil so far as is necessary to provide a remedy for the particular wrong which those controlling the company have done. On these grounds, it was decided by the court that in this case, a declaration should be made by the court in favor of the Claimant the corporate veil can be pierced regarding the residential property mentioned in the case and in the same way, the judgment delivered by the court against the guarantor was also enforceable against this property. The most significant factor on the basis of which, Eder J arrived that his conclusion was that according to the evidence presented in this case, it was established that the guarantor was the ultimate owner and had full control over the Company. This conclusion was made on the basis of the papers which comprised a communication that was written by the guarantor before the funds were advanced. In this letter, a net worth statement given by a public accountant mentioned that the assets of the guarantor included a residence in Fulham that was worth 3US$3,500,000. In the same way, in another net worth statement that was also provided by the same accountant after 16 months, it was mentioned that the assets of the guarantor included a residence in Fulham that was worth US$3.2 million. Therefore the court held that the mention of residence in Fulham was related with the residential property regarding which it has been claimed by the guarantor that it was not owned by him during the hearing f or the summary judgment. In view of this documentary evidence, it was stated by the court that the assertions made by the guarantor cannot be considered as credible. In this case, it was also stated by the court that this was an exceptional case in which no contemporaneous documents were present that can support the possessions that were made by the guarantor while the papers that emanated from the guarantor were totally contrary to the assertions made by the guarantor. References Cain T, (1985) Ultra Vires in 1984 1 Qld Institute of Technology Law Journal 31 Cain T, (1990) The Rule in Royal British Bank v Turquand in 1990 2 Bond Law Review 152 Cooper GD and DB Robertson, (1990) Subsidiary Companies Guarantees Their Continued Existence 1 Journal of Banking and Finance Law and Practice 284 Egert G, (1986) The Doctrine of Ultra Vires Recent Developments 2 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 73 Gallimore J, (1994) The Authority of Companies to Enter into Transactions a New Twist 14 (8) Proctor 10 Grantham R, (1996) Corporate Knowledge: Identification or Attribution? 56 Modern Law Review 732 Grantham R, (1999) Illegal Transactions and the Power of Company Directors 115 Law Quarterly Review 296 Grantham R, (2001) Attributing Responsibility to Corporate Entities: A Doctrinal Approach 19 Company and Securities Law Journal 168 Case Law Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 Chandler v Cape plc [2012] EWCA Civ 525 Hashem v Shayif Anor [2008] EWHC 2380 VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5